16-Bit Kogge-Stone Adder

Parallel prefix addition at the 45nm node.

This Kogge-Stone implementation optimizes for minimal logical depth, ensuring a path length of $\mathcal{O}(\log_2 N)$ .

Layout bounds measure exactly 32μm × 24μm, routed up to Metal 5.

Dynamic Power Estimation

P_{dyn} = \alpha \cdot C_{load} \cdot V_{DD}^2 \cdot f

"Hover over specific cells to inspect individual bit-slice hierarchy and transistor sizing."